# Radiobiology

> Radiobiology investigates the biological effects of ionising radiation — X-rays, gamma rays, protons, heavy ions, and neutrons — on living cells and tissues, with applications in cancer radiotherapy, radiation protection, and space medicine. The fundamental cellular response to radiation involves induction of DNA double-strand breaks and the orchestrated DNA damage response signalling cascade involving ATM kinase, H2AX phosphorylation, and repair pathways including homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining. Cancer radiobiology optimises fractionation schedules, combines radiation with radiosensitising drugs, and investigates the five Rs of radiobiology — repair, redistribution, reoxygenation, repopulation, and radiosensitivity. Proton and carbon-ion radiotherapy exploit the Bragg peak for conformal dose deposition in tumours. FLASH radiotherapy — irradiation at ultra-high dose rates — is an emerging modality entering clinical trials with reduced normal-tissue toxicity. Space radiation biology addresses health risks from galactic cosmic rays for long-duration human spaceflight. Funding sources include NCI, ESA, NASA, and national radiotherapy research networks.

*Source: [https://selltoscientists.com/fields/radiobiology/](https://selltoscientists.com/fields/radiobiology/)*

**Researcher count:** 7,500
**Average funding:** $380,000/year

## Subfields

- DNA damage and repair
- radiation carcinogenesis
- proton therapy biology
- space radiation effects
- FLASH radiotherapy

## Key technologies

- comet assay
- gamma-H2AX foci detection
- clonogenic survival assay
- proton and heavy-ion beamlines
- FLASH irradiator

## Top institutions

- Karolinska Institute
- MIT
- Stanford University
- GSI Helmholtz Centre
- National Cancer Institute

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