# Neurophotonics

> Neurophotonics develops and applies light-based tools to read out and perturb neural activity with cellular and subcellular resolution, overcoming the fundamental sampling limits of electrode-based electrophysiology. Two-photon microscopy through cranial windows now routinely tracks thousands of individually identified neurons across weeks in behaving mice, revealing the population codes underlying navigation, decision-making, and motor learning. Voltage imaging — the holy grail of the field — aims to capture sub-millisecond action potentials in genetically specified neurons across large tissue volumes, a challenge that has driven rapid innovation in both organic and protein-based fluorescent sensors. The neurotechnology industry draws on neurophotonics for the development of high-bandwidth brain-machine interfaces and photostimulation therapies for blindness and Parkinson's disease. Researchers span optics engineering, synthetic biology, and systems neuroscience, often organized around large collaborative platform grants.

*Source: [https://selltoscientists.com/fields/neurophotonics/](https://selltoscientists.com/fields/neurophotonics/)*

**Researcher count:** 8,500
**Average funding:** $1.3M

## Subfields

- Two-Photon Calcium Imaging
- Fiber Photometry
- Voltage Imaging
- Optogenetics Actuators
- Implantable Optical Probes

## Key technologies

- Two-Photon Microscopy
- Miniscope Head-Mounted Imagers
- GCaMP and GEVI Genetically Encoded Indicators
- Spatial Light Modulators
- Photoacoustic Tomography

## Top institutions

- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- University College London
- Stanford Deisseroth Lab

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