# Cryptography

> Cryptography is the science of securing communication and computation against adversaries. Modern research spans provably secure protocols, privacy-preserving computation, and the transition to post-quantum schemes resistant to quantum attacks.

*Source: [https://selltoscientists.com/fields/cryptography/](https://selltoscientists.com/fields/cryptography/)*

**Researcher count:** 13,500
**Average funding:** $400K

## Subfields

- Post-Quantum Cryptography
- Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Homomorphic Encryption
- Multiparty Computation
- Lattice-Based Cryptography

## Key technologies

- Lattice Schemes
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography
- Secure Enclaves
- Formal Verification Tools
- Hardware Security Modules

## Top institutions

- MIT
- Weizmann Institute
- ETH Zurich
- Stanford
- CWI Amsterdam

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